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''War and Peace'' (Pre-reform Russian: Война и миръ, ''Voyna i mir'') is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy, first published in its entirety in 1869. Epic in scale, it is regarded as one of the central works of world literature.〔Moser, Charles. 1992. ''Encyclopedia of Russian Literature''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–300.〕〔Thirlwell, Adam ("A masterpiece in miniature." ) ''The Guardian'' (London, UK) October 8, 2005〕〔Briggs, Anthony. 2005. "Introduction" to ''War and Peace.'' Penguin Classics.〕 It is considered Tolstoy's finest literary achievement, along with his other major prose work, ''Anna Karenina'' (1873–1877). ''War and Peace'' delineates in graphic detail events surrounding the French invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic families. Portions of an earlier version of the novel, then known as ''The Year 1805'', were serialized in the magazine ''The Russian Messenger'' between 1865 and 1867. The novel was first published in its entirety in 1869.〔Knowles, A.V. ''Leo Tolstoy'', Routledge 1997.〕 ''Newsweek'' in 2009 ranked it first in its list of the ''Top 100 Books''.〔(''Newsweek's Top 100 Books: The Meta-List'' ), retrieved on 07 July 2009〕 In 2003, the novel was listed at number 20 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.〔("BBC - The Big Read" ). BBC. April 2003, Retrieved October 27, 2012〕 Tolstoy himself, somewhat enigmatically, said of ''War and Peace'' that it is "not a novel, even less is it a poem, and still less a historical chronicle". Large sections of the work, especially in the later chapters, are philosophical discussion rather than narrative. He went on to elaborate that the best Russian literature does not conform to standards and hence hesitated to call ''War and Peace'' a novel. (Instead, Tolstoy regarded ''Anna Karenina'' as his first true novel.) ==Crafting the novel== ''War and Peace'' is well known as being one of the longest novels ever written, though not the longest. Tolstoy never documented why in 1867 he changed the name of his novel from ''The Year 1805'' to ''War and Peace''. He may have borrowed the title from the 1861 work of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: ''La Guerre et la Paix'' ('The War and the Peace' in French).〔 The title may also be another reference to Titus, who is described as being a master of "war and peace" in The Twelve Caesars, written by Suetonius in 119 CE. He began writing ''War and Peace'' in the year that he finally married and settled down at his country estate. The first half of the book was written under the name "1805". During the writing of the second half, he read widely and acknowledged Schopenhauer as one of his main inspirations. However, Tolstoy developed his own views of history and the role of the individual within it.〔 The first draft of ''War and Peace'' was completed in 1863. In 1865, the periodical ''Russkiy Vestnik'' published the first part of this early version under the title ''1805''. In the following year, it published more of the same early version. Tolstoy was dissatisfied with this version, although he allowed several parts of it to be published with a different ending in 1867, still under the same title "1805". He heavily rewrote the entire novel between 1866 and 1869.〔〔 Tolstoy's wife, Sophia Tolstaya, copied as many as seven separate complete manuscripts by hand before Tolstoy considered it again ready for publication.〔 The version that was published in ''Russkiy Vestnik'' had a very different ending from the version eventually published under the title ''War and Peace'' in 1869. The completed novel was then called ''Voyna i mir'' (new style orthography; in English ''War and Peace''). The ''1805'' manuscript (sometimes referred to as "the original War and Peace") was re-edited and annotated in Russia in 1983 and since has been translated separately from the "known" version, to English, German, French, Spanish, Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, Albanian, and Korean. The fact that so many versions of ''War and Peace'' survive make it one of the best insights into the mental processes of a great novelist. Russians who had read the serialized version were anxious to acquire the complete first edition, which included epilogues, and it sold out almost immediately. The novel was translated almost immediately after publication into many other languages. The novel can be generally classified as historical fiction. It contains elements present in many types of popular 18th- and 19th-century literature, especially the romance novel. ''War and Peace'' attains its literary status by transcending genres. Tolstoy was instrumental in bringing a new kind of consciousness to the novel. His narrative structure is noted for its "god-like" ability to hover over and within events, but also in the way it swiftly and seamlessly portrayed a particular character's point of view. His use of visual detail is often cinematic in its scope, using the literary equivalents of panning, wide shots and close-ups, to give dramatic interest to battles and ballrooms alike. These devices, while not exclusive to Tolstoy, are part of the new style of the novel that arose in the mid-19th century and of which Tolstoy proved himself a master. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「War and Peace」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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